Dry Eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca)

Introduction

Dry eye is a common condition that occurs when your tears are not able to provide adequate lubrication for your eyes. This can happen for several reasons, such as tear instability, reduced tear production, or increased tear evaporation. The discomfort from dry eye can range from a mild inconvenience to a significant hindrance in daily life.

What is Dry Eye?

Dry eye, also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is characterized by a chronic lack of sufficient lubrication and moisture on the eye's surface. Its consequences can lead to minor irritations, an inability to wear contact lenses, and an increased risk of corneal inflammation and eye infections.

Symptoms of Dry Eye

Symptoms can vary but commonly include:

• A stinging, burning, or scratchy sensation in your eyes
• Stringy mucus in or around your eyes
• Sensitivity to light
• Eye redness
• A feeling of having something in your eyes
• Difficulty wearing contact lenses
• Watery eyes, which is the body's response to the irritation of dry eyes
• Blurred vision or eye fatigue

Am I at Risk?

You are more likely to experience dry eye if you:

• Are older (tear production tends to diminish as you age)
• Are a woman (hormonal changes can cause dry eyes)
• Eat a diet low in Vitamin A or Omega-3 fatty acids
• Wear contact lenses or have had refractive surgery
• Take certain medications like antihistamines, decongestants, or antidepressants

Causes of Dry Eye

Dry eye can result from an imbalance in the tear-flow system of the eye, or from the rapid evaporation of the tear film. Common causes include:

• Environmental Factors: Exposure to smoke, wind, or dry climates (like air conditioning or heating).
• Reduced Blinking: Often happens when focusing on a computer screen or reading for extended periods.
• Health Conditions: Diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and thyroid disorders.

Treatment Options

Treatment focuses on restoring or maintaining the normal amount of tears in the eye. Options include:

• Artificial Tears: Over-the-counter eye drops are the most common treatment.
• Prescription Drops: Medications like Cyclosporine (Restasis) can help increase tear production.
• Punctal Plugs: Small devices inserted into the tear ducts to block drainage and keep tears on the eye longer.
• Lifestyle Changes: Using humidifiers, wearing wraparound sunglasses, and taking breaks during screen time (the 20-20-20 rule).